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 Post subject: Genetic Superheroes Walk Among Us, But Shhh! No One Can Tell
PostPosted: Mon Apr 11, 2016 9:31 pm 
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Genetic Superheroes Walk Among Us, But Shhh! No One Can Tell Em

Genetic Superheroes Walk Among Us, But Shhh! No One Can Tell ‘Em
Scientists announced they have found 13 resilient people who have genetic mutations that should have doomed them to serious childhood disease. The post Genetic Superheroes Walk Among Us, But Shhh! No One Can Tell Em appeared first on WIRED.











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 Post subject: How Police Used DNA to Connect Mansion Suspect to Pizza Crus
PostPosted: Fri Apr 15, 2016 6:54 pm 
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How Police Used DNA to Connect Mansion Suspect to Pizza Crust

Police are looking for suspect Daron Dylon Wint.

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 Post subject: NASA: Omics --"The Giant Human Molecular Jigsaw Puzzle
PostPosted: Thu Apr 21, 2016 10:24 pm 
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NASA: Omics --"The Giant Human Molecular Jigsaw Puzzle that Predicts Health Effects of Space Travel"





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The field of omics has evolved so rapidly that even researchers dont agree on a single definition. Generally speaking, it is a field of study that integrates multiple biological disciplines to focus on measurements of a diverse array of biomolecules. It combines genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenomics, metabolomics and microbiomics. Basically, you could ponder of omics as a giant molecular jigsaw puzzle and once you put all the pieces together then you see a larger, more comprehensive picture of the human body at a basic, highly granular level.



NASAs Human Research Program is releasing the first half of a video series entitled Omics: Exploring Space Through You to highlight its Twins Study, in conjunction with its National DNA Day Reddit Ask Me Anything event at 10 a.m. CDT/11 a.m. EDT, Monday, April 25, 2016. The series explores space through you by using omics to look more closely at individual health.



Good health is a priority for astronauts whose bodies last unique stresses while in space. As NASA prepares for journeys to Mars and beyond, researchers have united from around the globe to study molecular information derived from retired, twin astronauts Scott and Mark Kelly. NASA is trustful that comparing the molecular information derived from each twin will yield useful insights, laying the framework for future omics studies.



While many researchers are contributing to the fascinating and evolving field of omics, NASA has taken the next step by adding twins and space into the equation. Comparing nearly identical genomes, with one twin on a defined diet, strict exercise regime, scripted daily labor schedule, and facing space stressors, and the other twin on Earth engaged in normal life, allows researchers to focus on the effect of the integrated spaceflight environment at a molecular level. These omics experiments encompass the study of multiple types of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, metabolites, microbial DNA. Fluctuations in the types and concentration of these biomolecules influence physiological or behavioral changes, the propensity to develop disease and even some items researchers have yet to identify.



Thirteen years ago researchers could not characterize all the molecules they do today but breakthroughs in science and technology have launched omics to the forefront. The previous one-size-fits-all approach to medicine is slowly shifting to more personalized care for individuals: precision medicine.



After completion of the first human genome sequence, this genome was made available to researchers as a reference in a digital database enabling genome comparisons. This enabled a technological revolution and direct to various next generation sequencing technologies to be developed. RNA and protein microarrays along with newer, more advanced mass spectrometers also became available. These newer technologies produce more data--a lot more data. For example, if you were to uncoil all your DNA in your body and string it end-to-end, it could stretch to Pluto and back. Imagine the amount of data produced if you were to sequence it.



Essentially, researchers can belief more than ever before. They can see not just a cell, but everything inside a cell including the pathways and molecular interactions. For example, as NASA transitions from the Hubble space telescope to the next generation James Webb space telescope with unprecedented resolution and sensitivity, it is expected we will one day see the first stars in the universe as well as formations of new galaxies. Similarly, researchers now can see gene expression, transcripts, proteins, metabolites, microbes and how they all interact at a molecular level.



Humans are very complex beings and there are millions of differences between individuals. Medical professionals face the challenge of diagnosing and treating people accurately, but they dont always have all the information that they need. Today omics-related research is aiding treatments for cancer patients. Perhaps, one day, omics profiles will be conducted not just on astronauts but on a large scale for everyone in clinical settings, such as doctors offices and hospitals. And while the costs to conduct omics profiles or sequence DNA decrease, there remains the challenge of interpreting and securing the large amount of data.



NASAs Human Research Program Twins Study takes the initial step to establish a foundation and methodology to integrate the activities of scientists, their research plans and data. This step may direct to personalized countermeasure packages to heighten the safety and performance of individual astronauts. With the support of astronauts as they explore space, researchers can use omics and other 21st century tools to identify variants and biomarkers in you, too, paramount to longer, happier and healthier lives for all of us here on Earth.



NASAs Human Research Program enables space exploration by reducing the risks to human health and performance through a focused program of basic, applied, and operational research. This leads to the development and delivery of: human health, performance, and habitability standards; countermeasures and risk mitigation solutions; and advanced habitability and medical support technologies.



The Daily Galaxy via NASA Human Research Engagement & Communications







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 Post subject: Game of bones: first Europeans shifting fortunes found in DN
PostPosted: Tue May 03, 2016 4:25 am 
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Game of bones: first Europeans shifting fortunes found in DNA

Prehistoric Europe was a dynamic place where human populations would rise to dominance, get swept aside by others and then rise again years later, and a new genetic analysis shows what happened

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 Post subject: NASA Early Earth: "Violent Solar Flares Provided Energy
PostPosted: Thu May 26, 2016 6:46 pm 
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NASA Early Earth: "Violent Solar Flares Provided Energy to Create RNA and DNA Molecules"

 


 


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Back then, Earth received only about 70 percent of the energy from the sun than it does today, said Vladimir Airapetian, a solar scientist at NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center. That means Earth should have been an icy ball. Instead, geological evidence says it was a warm globe with liquid water. We call this the Faint Young Sun Paradox. Our new research shows that solar storms could have been central to warming Earth.


NASAs Kepler mission found stars that resemble our sun about a few million years after its birth. The Kepler data showed many examples of what are called superflares enormous explosions so rare today that we only experience them once every 100 years or so. Yet the Kepler data also show these youngsters producing as many as ten superflares a day.


 


Our suns adolescence was stormyand new evidence shows that these tempests may have been just the key to seeding life as we know it. Some 4 billion years ago, the sun shone with only about three-quarters the brightness we see today, but its surface roiled with giant eruptions spewing enormous amounts of solar material and radiation out into space. These powerful solar explosions may have provided the crucial energy needed to warm Earth, despite the suns faintness.The eruptions also may have furnished the energy needed to turn simple molecules into the complex molecules such as RNA and DNA that were basic for life. The research was published in Mood Geoscience on May 23, 2016, by a team of scientists from NASA.


Understanding what conditions were basic for life on our planet helps us both trace the origins of life on Earth and guide the search for life on other planets. Until now, however, fully mapping Earths evolution has been hindered by the simple fact that the young sun wasnt luminous enough to warm Earth.


 



                         


 


Scientists are capable to piece together the history of the sun by searching for similar stars in our galaxy. By placing these sun-like stars in order according to their age, the stars appear as a functional timeline of how our own sun evolved. It is from this kind of data that scientists know the sun was fainter 4 billion years ago. Such studies also show that young stars frequently produce powerful flares giant bursts of light and radiation similar to the flares we see on our own sun today. Such flares are often accompanied by huge clouds of solar material, called coronal mass ejections, or CMEs, which erupt out into space.


While our sun still produces flares and CMEs, they are not so frequent or intense. Whats more, Earth today has a strong magnetic field that helps detain the bulk of the energy from such space weather from reaching Earth. Space weather can, however, significantly persecute a magnetic bubble around our planet, the magnetosphere, a phenomenon referred to as geomagnetic storms that can affect radio communications and our satellites in space. It also creates auroras most often in a narrow region near the poles where Earths magnetic fields bow down to touch the planet.


Our young Earth, however, had a weaker magnetic field, with a much wider footprint near the poles. Our calculations show that you would have regularly seen auroras all the way down in South Carolina, says Airapetian, direct author of the paper. And as the particles from the space weather traveled down the magnetic field lines, they would have slammed into abundant nitrogen molecules in the atmosphere. Changing the atmospheres chemistry turns out to have made all the difference for life on Earth.


The atmosphere of early Earth was also different than it is now: Molecular nitrogen that is, two nitrogen atoms bound together into a molecule made up 90 percent of the atmosphere, compared to only 78 percent today. As energetic particles slammed into these nitrogen molecules, the impact broke them up into individual nitrogen atoms. They, in turn, collided with carbon dioxide, separating those molecules into carbon monoxide and oxygen.


The free-floating nitrogen and oxygen combined into nitrous oxide, which is a powerful greenhouse gas. When it comes to warming the atmosphere, nitrous oxide is some 300 times more powerful than carbon dioxide. The teams calculations show that if the early atmosphere housed less than one percent as much nitrous oxide as it did carbon dioxide, it would warm the planet enough for liquid water to exist.


This newly discovered constant influx of solar particles to early Earth may have done more than just warm the atmosphere, it may also have provided the energy needed to make complex chemicals. In a planet scattered evenly with simple molecules, it takes a huge amount of incoming energy to create the complex molecules such as RNA and DNA that eventually seeded life.


While enough energy appears to be hugely distinctive for a growing planet, too much would also be an issue a constant chain of solar eruptions producing showers of particle radiation can be quite detrimental. Such an onslaught of magnetic clouds can rip off a planets atmosphere if the magnetosphere is too weak. Understanding these kinds of balances help scientists determine what kinds of stars and what kinds of planets could be hospitable for life.


We want to gather all this information together, how close a planet is to the star, how energetic the star is, how strong the planets magnetosphere is in order to help search for habitable planets around stars near our own and throughout the galaxy, said William Danchi, principal investigator of the project at Goddard and a co-author on the paper. This labor includes scientists from many fields those who study the sun, the stars, the planets, chemistry and biology. Working together we can create a robust description of what the early days of our home planet looked like and where life might exist elsewhere.


The Daily Galaxy via NASA and http://www.astrobio.net


Image credit: NASA/SDO













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 Post subject: X-Files DNA Mystery Solved --"Scientists Looking to Unl
PostPosted: Tue Jun 07, 2016 4:16 pm 
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X-Files DNA Mystery Solved --"Scientists Looking to Unlock for Over 20 Years"

 


 


 


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The new research, conducted by paramount scientists at the University of Sheffield, has revealed how branched DNA molecules are removed from the iconic double-helical structure a process which scientists have been looking to unlock for over 20 years.


Branched DNA features in several episodes of the X-Files as Agent Scully suspects aliens inserted it in her blood," said Jon Sayers, Professor of Functional Genomics at the University of Sheffield and direct author of the study. In reality, far from being of alien origin, branched DNA is formed every day in our bodies. It happens every time our cells divide. These branches are cultured intermediates formed during the process of copying our DNA."


The interdisciplinary team from the Universitys Departments of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, and Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, captured never-before-seen snapshots of the molecular events in incredible detail. They show how Flap EndoNuclease enzymes (FENs) trim branched DNA molecules after cells have divided.


 


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The scientists found the FEN threads the free end of the branch through a hole in the enzyme before sliding along to the trunk where it acts like a pair of molecular secateurs, trimming the branch and restoring the iconic double-helix.


The team made the discovery using the Diamond Light Source the UKs synchrotron which works like a giant microscope harnessing the power of electrons to produce bright X-ray light which scientists can use to study anything from fossils and jet engines to viruses and vaccines.


The FENs analysed in the study are very similar to those used in diagnostic tests for genetic diseases, bacteria and viruses," said Sayers. "Understanding how they labor will help to engineer better and more reliable tests and tools for laboratory research and hospital diagnostics labs.


DNABecause DNA replication is cultured for all life forms, understanding how it works at a molecular level provides insight into one of the most basic cellular processes common to all life.


The enzymes that carry out this process are sometimes involved in cancer. They have been linked to tumour progression and mutation, so this discovery could pave the way for better diagnostics or new drugs.
He added: Knowing how these enzymes labor could aid development of new antimicrobial drugs that may one day be used to fight antibiotic resistant bacteria."


"We can now see the details of how cells have evolved to tidy up after themselves as they imitate their DNA, which reduces their risk of harmful mutations," said Dr John Rafferty, from the University of Sheffields Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology and author on the study. This sort of information is basic in helping us understand and maybe treat those cells where occasionally things do go wrong."


Results of the pioneering study were published today (Monday 6 June 2016) in Mood Structural & Molecular Biology.



The Daily Galaxy via University of Sheffield


Image credit top of page: With thanks to fox.com/the-x-files







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 Post subject: Molecular Origins of Life Delivered from Interstellar Space
PostPosted: Thu Jun 09, 2016 11:59 am 
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Molecular Origins of Life Delivered from Interstellar Space --"Life Outside of Earth a Good Bet" (Wednesdays Most Popular)

 


 


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"If all these molecules that are basic for life are everywhere out in space, the case gets a lot better that youll find life outside of Earth," said aid Andrew Mattioda, an astrochemist at NASA Ames Research Center.


Observations by Researchers working at Frances National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) support the idea that some of the molecules crucial to the origins of life could have formed in interstellar ices, and were then delivered to Earth by comets or meteors. The findings also hint that the genetic material of any life on other planets could potentially be based around different sugars.


We did not only detect ribose, but many other sugar molecules, says Uwe Meierhenrich, the studys direct author. [This] does not necessarily hint to RNA that preceded DNA and evolved from ribose. Alternative nucleotide precursors might have played their role in chemical evolution as well. The sugar that makes up the backbone of RNA ribose has been produced in experiments that recreate the icy conditions found on comets and asteroids. This discovery suggests that some of lifes precursor molecules could have been delivered to Earth millions of years ago.


Ribose, a key component in RNA, only forms under certain conditions, and scientists say those conditions were not present on Earth before life evolved. Many molecular biologists are embracing the intruiging possibility, and strong evidence that the first life on Earth involved chemical multitasking by RNA --that RNA is a more ancient molecule than DNA and that before DNA evolved, an "RNA world" existed on Earth. Molecular subunits of RNA have been found in alien carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, or could have formed through chemical reactions in the early Earths oceans or primordial atmosphere paramount to the exciting new theory that RNA is our earliest molecular ancestor.


Researchers working at Frances National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) detected ribose, along with several other related sugars, during experiments that simulate the kinds of ices found in the core of comets. The cosmic ices are created by condensing a mixture of water, methanol and ammonia onto a supercooled surface at temperatures of -195°C and in pressures one billionth that of Earths atmosphere, whilst irradiating the ice with ultraviolet light to simulate bombardment with cosmic rays. Last year the group found that glyceraldehyde the smallest sugar molecule could be formed in similar tests.


We were wondering if even more complex and larger sugars can form in the ices, says Cornelia Meinert, one of the researchers involved. However, we did not expect the large diversity and high quantity.


The team oberved a series of related sugars (aldopentoses) forming in the blend, including ribose, a key ingredient of the genetic polymer RNA. They suspect these sugars form via a process related to the formose reaction, in which complex sugars form from formaldehyde. Like in a classical formose reaction we detected sugar alcohols and sugar acids straight-chain and branched ones together with aldose and ketose sugars, says Meinert.


 


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Ribose - a key molecule for the origin of life - detected in an interstellar ice analogue using multidimensional gas chromatography. Ribose sugars make up the backbone of ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecule, which is involved in protein synthesis in living cells. (C. Meinert, CNRS)


Scott Sandford, an astrochemist at Nasas Ames Research Center in the US, agrees that it is possible life elsewhere made different biochemical choices, and adds that the chemical labyrinth the CNRS team observed may give clues about the origins of life on Earth. Modern life is very efficient it uses RNA and DNA but the original versions of proto-life almost certainly didnt, he says. Some of these other sugars that modern life doesnt use may have actually played key roles back in the beginning.


Next, Meierhenrich says, the team want to explore other questions such as the chirality of ribose. We would like to understand the excuse for which d-ribose is used in DNA instead of l-ribose, he says. We assume that the excuse for this symmetry-breaking event can be found in interstellar space.


Refernces: C Meinert et al, Science, 2016, 352, 6282 (DOI: 10.1126/science.aad8137) and P de Marcellus et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2015, 112, 4 (DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418602112)


The Daily Galaxy via Science, http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/, and Los Angeles Times


Image credit: ISS and uoregon.edu








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 Post subject: How an aggressive interrogation can make you a murderer
PostPosted: Sun Jun 19, 2016 5:16 am 
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More than a quarter of those exonerated by DNA evidence have made a false confession or incriminating statement at some point. Why on earth would you do that?

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 Post subject: NASA Kepler Mission--"Enormous Solar Flares Sparked Cre
PostPosted: Mon Jul 25, 2016 4:38 pm 
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NASA Kepler Mission--"Enormous Solar Flares Sparked Creation of DNA Molecules Basic for Life on Earth"

 


 


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NASAs Kepler Mission found stars that resemble our sun about a few million years after its birth. The Kepler data showed many examples of what are called superflares enormous explosions so rare today that we only experience them once every 100 years or so. Yet the Kepler data also show these youngsters producing as many as ten superflares a day.


Early Earth received only about 70 percent of the energy from the sun than it does today, said Vladimir Airapetian, a solar scientist at NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center. That means Earth should have been an icy ball. Instead, geological evidence says it was a warm globe with liquid water. We call this the Faint Young Sun Paradox. Our research shows that solar storms could have been central to warming Earth.


 


2862330400000578-3070833-image-a-3_1430940796285


 


Our suns adolescence was stormyand new evidence shows that these tempests may have been just the key to seeding life as we know it. Some 4 billion years ago, the sun shone with only about three-quarters the brightness we see today, but its surface roiled with giant eruptions spewing enormous amounts of solar material and radiation out into space. These powerful solar explosions may have provided the crucial energy needed to warm Earth, despite the suns faintness.The eruptions also may have furnished the energy needed to turn simple molecules into the complex molecules such as RNA and DNA that were basic for life.


Understanding what conditions were basic for life on our planet helps us both trace the origins of life on Earth and guide the search for life on other planets. Until now, however, fully mapping Earths evolution has been hindered by the simple fact that the young sun wasnt luminous enough to warm Earth.


 


                                        


Scientists are capable to piece together the history of the sun by searching for similar stars in our galaxy. By placing these sun-like stars in order according to their age, the stars appear as a functional timeline of how our own sun evolved. It is from this kind of data that scientists know the sun was fainter 4 billion years ago. Such studies also show that young stars frequently produce powerful flares giant bursts of light and radiation similar to the flares we see on our own sun today. Such flares are often accompanied by huge clouds of solar material, called coronal mass ejections, or CMEs, which erupt out into space.


While our sun still produces flares and CMEs, they are not so frequent or intense. Whats more, Earth today has a strong magnetic field that helps detain the bulk of the energy from such space weather from reaching Earth. Space weather can, however, significantly persecute a magnetic bubble around our planet, the magnetosphere, a phenomenon referred to as geomagnetic storms that can affect radio communications and our satellites in space. It also creates auroras most often in a narrow region near the poles where Earths magnetic fields bow down to touch the planet.


Our young Earth, however, had a weaker magnetic field, with a much wider footprint near the poles. Our calculations show that you would have regularly seen auroras all the way down in South Carolina, says Airapetian, direct author of the paper. And as the particles from the space weather traveled down the magnetic field lines, they would have slammed into abundant nitrogen molecules in the atmosphere. Changing the atmospheres chemistry turns out to have made all the difference for life on Earth.


The atmosphere of early Earth was also different than it is now: Molecular nitrogen that is, two nitrogen atoms bound together into a molecule made up 90 percent of the atmosphere, compared to only 78 percent today. As energetic particles slammed into these nitrogen molecules, the impact broke them up into individual nitrogen atoms. They, in turn, collided with carbon dioxide, separating those molecules into carbon monoxide and oxygen.


The free-floating nitrogen and oxygen combined into nitrous oxide, which is a powerful greenhouse gas. When it comes to warming the atmosphere, nitrous oxide is some 300 times more powerful than carbon dioxide. The teams calculations show that if the early atmosphere housed less than one percent as much nitrous oxide as it did carbon dioxide, it would warm the planet enough for liquid water to exist.


This newly discovered constant influx of solar particles to early Earth may have done more than just warm the atmosphere, it may also have provided the energy needed to make complex chemicals. In a planet scattered evenly with simple molecules, it takes a huge amount of incoming energy to create the complex molecules such as RNA and DNA that eventually seeded life.


While enough energy appears to be hugely distinctive for a growing planet, too much would also be an issue a constant chain of solar eruptions producing showers of particle radiation can be quite detrimental. Such an onslaught of magnetic clouds can rip off a planets atmosphere if the magnetosphere is too weak. Understanding these kinds of balances help scientists determine what kinds of stars and what kinds of planets could be hospitable for life.


We want to gather all this information together, how close a planet is to the star, how energetic the star is, how strong the planets magnetosphere is in order to help search for habitable planets around stars near our own and throughout the galaxy, said William Danchi, principal investigator of the project at Goddard and a co-author on the paper. This labor includes scientists from many fields those who study the sun, the stars, the planets, chemistry and biology. Working together we can create a robust description of what the early days of our home planet looked like and where life might exist elsewhere.


This research was published in Mood Geoscience on May 23, 2016, by a team of scientists from NASA.


Weekend Feature


The Daily Galaxy via NASA and http://www.astrobio.net


Image credit: NASA/SDO


 








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 Post subject: How guns became a part of American culture
PostPosted: Sun Jul 31, 2016 3:19 pm 
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No other developed country embraces firearms the way the U.S. does, but how did the mystique over guns become part of our cultural DNA?




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