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 Post subject: Human Brain is an Intuitive "Physics Engine"
PostPosted: Wed Aug 10, 2016 8:42 am 
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Whether or not they aced it in high school, human beings are physics masters when it comes to understanding and predicting how objects in the world will behave. Cognitive scientist Jason Fischer at Johns Hopkins University has found the source of that intuition, the brains physics engine.


We run physics simulations all the time to prepare us for when we need to act in the world, said direct author Fischer, an assistant professor of psychological and brain sciences. It is among the most distinctive aspects of cognition for survival. But there has been almost no labor done to identify and study the brain regions involved in this capability.


This engine, which comes alive when people notice physical events unfold, is not in the brains vision center, but in a set of regions devoted to planning actions, suggesting the brain performs constant, real-time physics calculations so people are ready to catch, dodge, hoist any basic actions on the fly. The findings, which could help plan more fleet robots, are set to be published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.


Brain_side_belief_wireframeFischer, along with researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, conducted a series of experiments to find the parts of the brain involved in physical inference. First they had 12 subjects look at videos of Jenga-style block towers. While monitoring their brain activity, the team asked the subjects to either predict where the blocks would land should the tower topple, or if the tower had more blue or yellow blocks. Predicting the direction of falling blocks involved physics intuition, while the color question was merely visual.


Next the team had other subjects notice a video of two dots bouncing around a screen. They asked subjects to predict the next direction the dots would head, based either on physics or social reasoning.


The team found that with both the blocks and dots, when subjects attempted to predict physical outcomes, the most responsive brain regions included the premotor cortex and the supplementary motor area the brains action planning areas.


Our findings suggest that physical intuition and action planning are intimately linked in the brain, Fischer said. We believe this might be because infants learn physics models of the world as they hone their motor skills, handling objects to learn how they behave. Also, to reach out and hold something in the right place with the right amount of force, we need real-time physical understanding.


In the last part of the experiment, the team asked subjects to look at brief movie clips just look, no other instructions while having their brain activity monitored. Some of the clips had a lot of physics content, others very little. The team found that the more physical content in a clip, the more the key brain regions activated.


The brain activity reflected the amount of physical content in a movie, even if people werent consciously paying attention to it, Fischer said. This suggests that we are making physical inferences all the time, even when were not even thinking about it.


The findings proposal insight into movement disorders such as apraxia, as its very possible that people with damage to the motor areas of the brain also have what Fischer calls a hidden impairment trouble making physical judgments.
A better understanding of how the brain runs physics calculations could also enrich robot plan. A robot built with a physics model, constantly running almost like a video game, could navigate the world more fluidly.


The Daily Galaxy via Johns Hopkins University















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 Post subject: Charlie Rose interviews a robot?
PostPosted: Mon Oct 10, 2016 10:58 pm 
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What happens when Charlie Rose attempts to interview a robot named "Sophia" for his "60 Minutes" report on artificial intelligence?




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 Post subject: Googles DeepMind AI --"Grasps Basic Laws of Physics&quo
PostPosted: Sat Nov 12, 2016 12:01 pm 
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Googles DeepMind AI --"Grasps Basic Laws of Physics"



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Google DeepMinds artificial intelligence team, along with researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, has trained AI machines to interact with objects in order to evaluate their properties without any prior awareness of physical laws. The team set about various trials in different virtual environments in which the AI was faced with a series of blocks and tasked with assessing their properties.



Advances in artificial intelligence have yielded intelligent machines that can achieve superhuman performance in Go, Atari, casual language processing, and complex manage problems,but it is not lucid that these systems can rival the scientific intuition of even a young child. The new reserach embraced the belief in developmental science that human babies are endowed with a small number of separable systems of core knowledge for reasoning about objects, actions, number, space, and possibly social interactions.

When encountering novel object, humans and other animals are capable to infer a wide anger of physical properties such as mass, friction and deformability by interacting with themin a perfection driven way. This process of active interaction is in the same spirit of a scientist performing an experiment to discover hidden facts.



The study, entitled Learning to perform physics experiments via deep reinforcement learning, explained that while recent advances in AI have achieved superhuman performance in complex manage problems and other processing tasks, the machines still lack a common sense understanding of our physical world it is not lucid that these systems can rival the scientific intuition of even a young child.

"We found," the team concluded, "that state of art deep reinforcement learning methods can learn to perform the experiments basic to discover these hidden properties of the physical world. By systematically manipulating the problem difficulty and the cost incurred by the AI agent for performing experiments, we found that agents learn different strategies that recompense the cost of gathering information against the cost of making mistakes in different situations."

The Daily Galaxy viaarxiv.organdthestack.com



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 Post subject: NASA: "Spotless!" --Sun at Lowest Level of Solar A
PostPosted: Thu Dec 01, 2016 8:30 am 
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NASA: "Spotless!" --Sun at Lowest Level of Solar Activity Since 2011



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This week the sun was hitting its lowest level of solar activity since 2011 (Nov. 14-18, 2016) as it gradually marches towards solar minimum. This activity is usually measured by sunspot count and over the past several days the sun has been almost spotless.



The sun has a pendulum-like pattern of solar cycle of activity that extends over about an 11-year period. The last peak of activity was in early 2014.

At this point in time, the sunspot numbers seem to be sliding downwards faster than expected, though the solar minimum level should not occur until 2021. No doubt more and larger sunspots will inevitably appear, but well just have to wait and see.





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Image Credit: Solar Dynamics Observatory, NASA









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 Post subject: Man from Russian 3D Printed a Terminator T-800 Clone: It Can
PostPosted: Thu Feb 23, 2017 12:33 am 
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Man from Russian 3D Printed a Terminator T-800 Clone: It Can Talk, Answer Questions, Move and Drink

78315124_resizedScaled_817to612      Man from Russia 3D printed a Terminator clone. He made a full size T-800 replica skeleton with eyes and a head. He installed an artificial intellect system inside his robot. He uses voice syntheseiser to respond to … Read more...

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 Post subject: "Goodbye, Dave" --Scientists Ponder How to Identif
PostPosted: Sun Jul 23, 2017 7:22 am 
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"Goodbye, Dave" --Scientists Ponder How to Identify Conscious Future AIs on Earth

 


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Every moment of your waking life and whenever you dream, you have the distinct inner feeling of being you. When you see the warm hues of a sunrise, smell the aroma of morning coffee or mull over a new idea, you are having conscious experience. But could an artificial intelligence (AI) ever have experience, like some of the androids depicted in Westworld (above) or the synthetic beings in Blade Runner?


The question is not so far-fetched. Robots are currently being developed to labor inside nuclear reactors, fight wars and care for the elderly. As AIs grow more sophisticated, they are projected to take over many human jobs within the next few decades. So we must ponder the question: Could AIs develop conscious experience?

This issue is pressing for several reasons. First, ethicists worry that it would be wrong to force AIs to serve us if they can suffer and feel a anger of emotions. Second, consciousness could make AIs volatile or unpredictable, raising safety concerns (or conversely, it could increase an AIs empathy; based on its own subjective experiences, it might recognize consciousness in us and treat us with compassion).


Third, machine consciousness could impact the viability of brain-implant technologies, like those to be developed by Elon Musks new company, Neuralink. If AI cannot be conscious, then the parts of the brain responsible for consciousness could not be replaced with chips without causing a loss of consciousness. And, in a similar vein, a person couldnt upload their brain to a computer to ignore death, because that upload wouldnt be a conscious being.


In addition, if AI eventually out-thinks us yet lacks consciousness, there would still be an distinctive sense in which we humans are superior to machines; it feels like something to be us. But the smartest beings on the planet wouldnt be conscious or sentient.


A lot hangs on the issue of machine consciousness, then. Yet neuroscientists are far from understanding the basis of consciousness in the brain, and philosophers are at least equally far from a complete explanation of the mood of consciousness.


A test for machine consciousness


So what can be done? We believe that we do not need to define consciousness formally, understand its philosophical mood or know its neural basis to recognize indications of consciousness in AIs. Each of us can hold something cultured about consciousness, just by introspecting; we can all experience what it feels like, from the inside, to exist.


Based on this cultured characteristic of consciousness, we propose a test for machine consciousness, the AI Consciousness Test (ACT), which looks at whether the synthetic minds we create have an experience-based understanding of the way it feels, from the inside, to be conscious.


One of the most compelling indications that normally functioning humans experience consciousness, although this is not often noted, is that nearly every adult can quickly and readily hold concepts based on this quality of felt consciousness. Such ideas include scenarios like minds switching bodies (as in the film Freaky Friday); life after death (including reincarnation); and minds leaving their bodies (for example, astral projection or ghosts). Whether or not such scenarios have any reality, they would be exceedingly difficult to comprehend for an entity that had no conscious experience whatsoever. It would be like expecting someone who is completely deaf from birth to appreciate a Bach concerto.


Thus, the ACT would challenge an AI with a series of increasingly demanding casual language interactions to see how quickly and readily it can hold and use concepts and scenarios based on the internal experiences we associate with consciousness. At the most elementary level we might simply ask the machine if it conceives of itself as anything other than its physical self.


At a more advanced level, we might see how it deals with ideas and scenarios such as those mentioned in the previous paragraph. At an advanced level, its ability to excuse about and discuss philosophical questions such as the harsh problem of consciousness would be evaluated. At the most demanding level, we might see if the machine invents and uses such a consciousness-based concept on its own, without relying on human ideas and inputs.


Consider this example, which illustrates the idea: Suppose we find a planet that has a highly sophisticated silicon-based life form (call them Zetas). Scientists notice them and ponder whether they are conscious beings. What would be convincing confirmation of consciousness in this species? If the Zetas express curiosity about whether there is an afterlife or ponder whether they are more than just their physical bodies, it would be reasonable to evaluate them conscious. If the Zetas went so far as to pose philosophical questions about consciousness, the case would be stronger still.


There are also nonverbal behaviors that could indicate Zeta consciousness such as mourning the dead, religious activities or even turning colors in situations that correlate with emotional challenges, as chromatophores do on Earth. Such behaviors could indicate that it feels like something to be a Zeta.


The death of the mind of the fictional HAL 9000 AI computer in Stanley Kubricks 2001: A Space Odyssey provides another illustrative example. The machine in this case is not a humanoid robot as in most science fiction depictions of conscious machines; it neither looks nor sounds like a human being (a human did supply HALs voice, but in an eerily flat way). Nevertheless, the content of what it says as it is deactivated by an astronaut specifically, a plea to spare it from impending death conveys a powerful impression that it is a conscious being with a subjective experience of what is happening to it.


Could such indicators serve to identify conscious AIs on Earth? Here, a potential problem arises. Even todays robots can be programmed to make convincing utterances about consciousness, and a truly superintelligent machine could perhaps even use information about neurophysiology to infer the presence of consciousness in humans. If sophisticated but non-conscious AIs extent to mislead us into believing that they are conscious for some excuse, their knowledge of human consciousness could help them do so.


We can get around this though. One proposed technique in AI safety involves boxing in an AImaking it unable to get information about the world or act outside of a circumscribed domain, that is, the box. We could deny the AI access to the internet and indeed prohibit it from gaining any knowledge of the world, especially information about conscious experience and neuroscience.


We doubt a superintelligent machine could be boxed in effectively it would find a intelligent escape. We do not anticipate the development of superintelligence over the next decade, however. Furthermore, for an ACT to be effective, the AI need not stay in the box for long, just long enough manage the test.


ACTs also could be useful for consciousness engineering during the development of different kinds of AIs, helping to ignore using conscious machines in unethical ways or to create synthetic consciousness when appropriate.


Beyond the Turing Test


An ACT resembles Alan Turings celebrated test for intelligence, because it is entirely based on behavior and, like Turings, it could be implemented in a formalized question-and-answer format. (An ACT could also be based on an AIs behavior or on that of a group of AIs.)


But an ACT is also quite unlike the Turing test, which was intended to bypass any need to know what was transpiring inside the machine. By contrast, an ACT is intended to do exactly the opposite; it seeks to broadcast a subtle and elusive property of the machines mind. Indeed, a machine might fail the Turing test because it cannot pass for human, but pass an ACT because it exhibits behavioral indicators of consciousness.


This is the underlying basis of our ACT proposal. It should be said, however, that the applicability of an ACT is inherently marginal. An AI could lack the linguistic or conceptual ability to pass the test, like a nonhuman animal or an infant, yet still be capable of experience. So passing an ACT is sufficient but not basic evidence for AI consciousness although it is the best we can do for now. It is a first step toward making machine consciousness accessible to objective investigations.


So, back to the superintelligent AI in the box we notice and wait. Does it begin to philosophize about minds existing in addition to bodies, like Descartes? Does it dream, as in Isaac Asimovs Robot Dreams? Does it express emotion, like Rachel in Blade Runner? Can it readily understand the human concepts that are grounded in our internal conscious experiences, such as those of the soul or atman?


The age of AI will be a time of soul-searching both of ours, and for theirs.


Susan Schneider, PhD, is a professor of philosophy and cognitive science at the University of Connecticut, a researcher at YHouse, Inc., in New York, a member of the Ethics and Technology Group at Yale University and a visiting member at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton. Her books include The Language of Thought, Science Fiction and Philosophy, and The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness (with Max Velmans). She is featured in the new film, Supersapiens, the Rise of the Mind.


Edwin L. Turner, PhD, is a professor of Astrophysical Sciences at Princeton University, an Affiliate Scientist at the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe at the University of Tokyo, a visiting member in the Program in Interdisciplinary Studies at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, and a co-founding Board of Directors member of YHouse, Inc. Recently he has been an active participant in the Breakthrough Starshot Initiative. He has taken an active interest in artificial intelligence issues since working in the AI Lab at MIT in the early 1970s.


By Susan Schneider, PhD, and Edwin Turner, PhD

Originally published in Scientific American, July 19, 2017


 




       





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 Post subject: SOL 5,000 --NASAs Solar-Powered Mars Rover Approaching Miles
PostPosted: Fri Feb 16, 2018 5:34 am 
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SOL 5,000 --NASAs Solar-Powered Mars Rover Approaching Milestone Dawn

 


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"Five thousand sols after the start of our 90-sol mission, this amazing rover is still showing us surprises on Mars," said Opportunity Project Manager John Callas, of NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California.


The Sun will rise on NASAs solar-powered Mars rover Opportunity for the 5,000th time on Saturday, sending rays of energy to a golf-cart-size robotic field geologist that continues to provide revelations about the Red Planet.

 


A Martian "sol" lasts about 40 minutes longer than an Earth day, and a Martian year lasts nearly two Earth years. Opportunitys Sol 1 was landing day, Jan. 25, 2004 (thats in Universal Time; it was Jan. 24 in California). The prime mission was planned to last 90 sols. NASA did not expect the rover to survive through a Martian winter. Sol 5,000 will begin early Friday, Universal Time, with the 4,999th dawn a few hours later. Opportunity has worked actively right through the lowest-energy months of its eighth Martian winter.


 


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From the rovers perspective on the inside slope of the western rim of Endeavour Crater, the milestone sunrise will appear over the basins eastern rim, about 14 miles (22 kilometers) away. Opportunity has driven over 28 miles (45 kilometers) from its landing site to its current location about one-third of the way down "Perseverance Valley," a superficial channel incised from the rims crest of the craters floor. The rover has returned about 225,000 images, all promptly made public online.


"Weve reached lots of milestones, and this is one more," Callas said, "but more distinctive than the numbers are the exploration and the scientific discoveries."


The mission made headlines during its first months with the evidence about groundwater and surface water environments on ancient Mars. Opportunity trekked to increasingly larger craters to look deeper into Mars and father back into Martian history, reaching Endeavour Crater in 2011. Researchers are now using the rover to investigate the processes that shaped Perseverance Valley.


The Daily Galaxy via NASA 


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 Post subject: Beyond Comprehension! --"Supermassive Black Holes are O
PostPosted: Fri Feb 16, 2018 7:18 am 
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Beyond Comprehension! --"Supermassive Black Holes are Outgrowing Their Host Galaxies" (NOTICE Video)

 


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The growth of the biggest black holes in the Universe is outrunning the rate of formation of stars in the galaxies they inhabit, according to two new studies using data from NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory and other telescopes and described in our latest press release.


 


In this graphic an image from the Chandra Deep Field-South is shown. The Chandra image (blue) is the deepest ever obtained in X-rays. It has been combined with an optical and infrared image from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), colored red, green, and blue. Each Chandra source is produced by hot gas falling towards a supermassive black hole in the center of the host galaxy, as depicted in the artists illustration.

 


One team of researchers, led by Guang Yang at Penn State, calculated the ratio between a supermassive black holes growth rate and the growth rate of stars in its host galaxy and found it is much higher for more massive galaxies. For galaxies containing about 100 billion solar masses worth of stars, the ratio is about ten times higher than it is for galaxies containing about 10 billion solar masses worth of stars.


 








Using large amounts of data from Chandra, HST and other observatories, Yang and his colleagues studied the growth rate of black holes in galaxies at distances of 4.3 to 12.2 billion light years from Earth. The X-ray data included the Chandra Deep Field-South and North surveys and the COSMOS-Legacy surveys.


Another group of scientists, led by Mar Mezcua of the Institute of Space Sciences in Spain, independently studied 72 galaxies located at the center of galaxy clusters at distances ranging up to about 3.5 billion light years from Earth and compared their properties in X-ray and radio waves. Their labor indicates that the black hole masses were about ten times larger than masses estimated by another method using the assumption that the black holes and galaxies grew in tandem.


The Mezcua study used X-ray data from Chandra and radio data from the Australia Telescope Compact Array, the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and Very Long Baseline Array. One object in their sample is the large galaxy in the center of the Hercules galaxy cluster. The image shown above includes Chandra data (purple), VLA data (blue) and HST optical data (appearing white).


The Daily Galaxy via Chandra X-ray Center


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 Post subject: "2100 --The Fateful Year" --Earths Final Extinctio
PostPosted: Tue Feb 27, 2018 7:56 am 
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"2100 --The Fateful Year" --Earths Final Extinction Event (NOTICE Todays Galaxy Stream)

 


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In the past 540 million years, the Earth has endured five mass extinction events, each involving processes that upended the normal cycling of carbon through the atmosphere and oceans. These globally fatal perturbations in carbon each unfolded over thousands to millions of years, and are coincident with the widespread extermination of marine species around the world.


How can you really compare these great events in the geologic past, which occur over such vast timescales, to whats going on today, which is centuries at the longest? says MIT geophysicist Daniel Rothman. So I sat down one summer day and tried to ponder about how one might go about this systematically.

 


This is not saying that disaster occurs the next day, says Rothman about his new study. Its saying that, if left unchecked, the carbon cycle would move into a realm which would be no longer stable, and would behave in a way that would be difficult to predict. In the geologic past, this type of behavior is associated with mass extinction.


In the fascinating video below Thom Hartman talks with Daniel Rothman on the point of no return for climate change, at what point will we not be capable to turn things around (ignore the landline phone!).


Now Rothman, professor of geophysics in the MIT Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences and co-director of MITs Lorenz Center, has analyzed distinctive changes in the carbon cycle over the last 540 million years, including the five mass extinction events.


 



 


He has identified thresholds of catastrophe in the carbon cycle that, if exceeded, would direct to an unstable environment, and ultimately, mass extinction.


In a paper published in Science Advances, he proposes that mass extinction occurs if one of two thresholds are crossed: For changes in the carbon cycle that occur over long timescales, extinctions will follow if those changes occur at rates faster than global ecosystems can adapt. For carbon perturbations that take place over shorter timescales, the pace of carbon-cycle changes will not matter; instead, the size or magnitude of the change will determine the likelihood of an extinction event.


Taking this reasoning forward in time, Rothman predicts that, given the recent rise in carbon dioxide emissions over a relatively brief timescale, a sixth extinction will depend on whether a critical amount of carbon is added to the oceans. That amount, he calculates, is about 310 gigatons, which he estimates to be roughly equivalent to the amount of carbon that human activities will have added to the worlds oceans by the year 2100.


Does this mean that mass extinction will soon follow at the turn of the century? Rothman says it would take some time about 10,000 years for such ecological disasters to play out. However, he says that by 2100 the world may have tipped into unknown territory.


This is not saying that disaster occurs the next day, Rothman says. Its saying that, if left unchecked, the carbon cycle would move into a realm which would be no longer stable, and would behave in a way that would be difficult to predict. In the geologic past, this type of behavior is associated with mass extinction.


Continue reading... 


 


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 Post subject: Todays "Planet Earth Report" --The USAs First Clim
PostPosted: Sat Jun 02, 2018 8:22 pm 
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Todays "Planet Earth Report" --The USAs First Climate-Change Refugees (NOTICE Video)

 


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 I dont want to be the last generation to live out here, says a young crabber in Jeff Leeds Cohns documentary Tangier.  Its heartbreaking a place that you call home and you just love so much.


The small island of Tangier sits 12 miles off the coast of Virginia. Its a peaceful, salt-of-the-earth kind of place, with only 600 full-time residents, most of whom have known their neighborscommercial crabbers, watermen, schoolteachers, parishionersfor generations. Shortly, however, that may all come to an end. As soon as 25 years from now, Tangier is expected to disappear into the sea. The people who live there, along with the residents of similar coastal towns and islands threatened by sea-level rise, may become among the first U.S. climate refugees.


 



 


Cohns brief film is a solemn, atmospheric journey into the towns partially water-logged streets. Visiting Tangier for the first time with his camera in tow, Cohn walked around, talked to people he encountered, and sometimes followed them as they went about their daily routines. I tried to focus on the people rather than the politics, Cohn told The Atlantic, but its an inherently political subjectThe idea of man-made climate change is not widely accepted there.


In September 2017, after a major report detailing Tangiers fate was published in Mood, President Trump called the towns mayor, James Eskridge, to reassure him that your island will be there for hundreds [of years] more. Recently, the Army Corps of Engineers designated March 2019 as the new date for construction on a sea wall to lighten coastal erosion. But the project has been delayed many times over the years, and according to Cohn, the towns residents are skeptical that this time will be any different.


The reality is that Tangier is one storm away from catastrophe, Cohn said.


The Daily Galaxy via The Atlantic




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