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 Post subject: What Lies Beneath Antarctica --"A Great-Lakes-Size Syst
PostPosted: Sat Apr 30, 2016 12:31 pm 
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What Lies Beneath Antarctica --"A Great-Lakes-Size System of Waterways Buried for Thousands of Years"

 


 


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"It is amazing to think that we did not know that this lake even existed until a decade ago," said Helen Amanda Fricker, a WISSARD principal investigator and a professor of geophysics at Scripps, who initially discovered Subglacial Lake Whillans in 2007 from NASA satellite data. "It is exciting to see such a rich dataset from the lake, and these new data are helping us understand how lakes function as part of the ice-sheet system."


Three recent publications by early career researchers at three different institutions across the country provide the first look into the biogeochemistry, geophysics and geology of Lake Whillans, which lies 800 meters (2,600 feet) beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.


 


The findings stem from the Whillans Ice Stream Subglacial Access Research Drilling (WISSARD) project funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF).


Collectively, the researchers describe a wetland-like area beneath the ice. Subglacial Lake Whillans is primarily fed by ice melt, but also contains small amounts of seawater from ancient marine sediments on the lake bed. The lake waters periodically drain through channels to the ocean, but with insufficient energy to carry much sediment.


The new insights will not only allow scientists to better understand the biogeochemistry and mechanics of the lake itself, but will also allow them to use that information to improve models of how Antarctic subglacial lake systems interact with the ice above and sediment below. These models will help assess the contribution that subglacial lakes may have to the flow of water from the continent to the ocean, and therefore to sea-level rise.


In recent decades, researchers, primarily using airborne radar and satellite laser observations, have discovered that a continental system of rivers and lakes -- some similar in size to North Americas Great Lakes -- exists beneath the miles-thick Antarctic ice sheet. These findings represent some of the very first methodical descriptions of one of those lakes based on real sampling of water and sediments.


 


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In January 2013, the WISSARD project successfully drilled through the ice sheet to reach Subglacial Lake Whillans, retrieving water and sediment samples from a body of water that had been isolated from direct contact with the atmosphere for many thousands of years. The team used a customized, clean hot-water drill to collect their samples without contaminating the pristine environment.


WISSARD was preceded by ongoing field research that began as early as 2007 to place this individual lake in context with the larger subglacial water system. Those investigations and the sampling of Subglacial Lake Whillans were funded, and the complex logistics provided, by the NSF-managed U.S. Antarctic Program.


Some of the initial analyses of the samples taken from the lake are highlighted in the recent papers, published in three different journals by three scientists whose graduate labor was funded, at least in part, through the WISSARD project. They used an array of biogeochemical, geophysical and geological methods to provide unique insights into the dynamics of the subglacial system.


In a paper published in Geophysical Research Letters, direct author Matthew Siegfried, of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, and his colleagues report that Global Positioning System (GPS) data gathered over a period of five years indicate that periodic drainage of the lake can increase velocity at the base of the ice sheet and speed up movement of the ice by as much as four percent in episodic bursts, each of which can last for several months.


The authors suggest that these short-term dynamics need to be better understood to help refine prediction of future, long-term ice sheet changes.


In a second paper, published in Geology, direct author Alexander Michaud, of Montana State University, and his colleagues -- including two other Montana State WISSARD-trained students, graduate student Trista Vick-Majors and undergraduate student, Will van Gelder -- used data taken from a 38-centimeter (15-inch) long core of lake sediment to characterize the water chemistry in the lake and its sediments.


Their findings indicate that lake water comes primarily from melting at the base of the ice sheet covering the lake, with a minor contribution from seawater, which was trapped in sediments beneath the ice sheet during the last interglacial period, when the Antarctic ice sheet had retreated. This ancient, isolated reservoir of ocean water continues to affect the biogeochemistry of this lake system. This new finding contrasts with previous studies from neighboring ice streams, where water extracted from subglacial sediments did not appear to have a discernable marine signature.


In the third paper, published in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters, direct author Timothy Hodson of Northern Illinois University and his colleagues examined another sediment core taken from the lake to discover more about the relationship between the ice sheet, subglacial hydrology and underlying sediments.


Their findings show that even though floods pass through the lake from time to time, the flow is not powerful enough to erode extensive drainage channels, like the rivers that drain much of the Earths surface. Rather the environment beneath this section of the ice sheet is somewhat similar to a wetland within a coastal common, where bodies of water tend to be broad and superficial and where water flows gradually.


Together, these new publications highlight an environment where geology, hydrology, biology and glaciology all interact to create a dynamic subglacial system, which can have global impacts. Understanding and quantifying this, and similar, systems, she added, requires training a new generation of scientists who can cross disciplinary boundaries.


The Daily Galaxy via National Science Foundation


Image credits:Top of page,  disneyscreencaps.com








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 Post subject: Antarctica Discovery --"Reveals New Insights Into Space
PostPosted: Mon May 23, 2016 5:05 am 
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Antarctica Discovery --"Reveals New Insights Into Space Weather"

 


 


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New space weather obervations will allow researchers to notice how the behavior of the sun and the solar wind -- an unbroken supersonic flow of charged particles from the sun -- changes over time and how the Earths magnetic field responds to solar wind variations. The observations help build a detailed, reliable model of space weather.


A team of National Science Foundation (NSF)-supported researchers at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) discovered new evidence almost as soon as they finished installing six data-collection stations across East Antarctic Plateau last January. The researchers for the first time observed that regardless of the hemisphere or the season, the polar ionosphere is subject to a constant electrical current, produced by pressure changes in the solar wind.


 


Their findings could have distinctive effects on our understanding of space weather. Although invisible to the naked eye, space weather can have serious, detrimental effects on modern technological infrastructure, including telecommunications, navigation, and electrical power systems.


 


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"This finding is a new part of the physics that we need to understand and labor with," said Robert Clauer, a professor in Virginia Techs Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. "Its a bit of a surprise, because when you have a current, you usually expect a voltage relationship, where resistance and current are inversely related -- high resistance equals small current; low resistance equals large current."


 


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The project to develop and deploy these autonomous data-collection stations in the Antarctic, funded by a $2.7 million NSF bonus, has progressed over a seven-year period. NSF manages the U.S. Antarctic Program, through which it supports researchers nationwide, provides logistical support to the research and operates three year-round stations in Antarctica.


Clauer and his team designed and hand-built six autonomous data-collection stations and installed them piece-by-piece near the geographic South Pole for initial testing. Following successful testing, the autonomous data-collection stations were placed along the 40-degree magnetic meridian (longitude), deep in the southern polar cap areas under the auroras. The stations, located in the harsh environment of the remote East Antarctic Plateau, are the Southern Hemisphere counterpart to a magnetically similar chain in Greenland.


Clauer and his Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Science team have been monitoring the electric current systems in the magnetosphere -- specifically currents that connect to the ionosphere. During the summer in the Northern Hemisphere, there is more direct sunlight on the atmosphere, which means more atoms are ionized. This phenomenon creates a highly conductive ionosphere in the summer months and a poorly conductive one in the winter.


"The solar wind interacts with Earths magnetic field in a manner similar to a fluid, but an electrically conducting fluid," Clauer said.


A chain of data-collection stations in Greenland allowed researchers to take measurements in the Northern Hemisphere. Until recently, these data were divided into summer and winter, and the information gathered during the winter months was used to approximate what was happening in the Southern Hemisphere during the northern summer.


"We didnt have a full picture of what was happening in the space environment because we could only notice one hemisphere, but magnetic field lines are connected to both hemispheres," said Clauer. "It was distinctive that we look at them simultaneously."


The stations run autonomously and are powered by solar cells in the months-long Antarctic summer, and by direct-acid batteries during winter. The stations contain a collection of instruments, including a dual-frequency GPS receiver that tracks signal changes produced by density irregularities in the ionosphere, and two kinds of magnetometers that measure the varying strength and direction of magnetic fields. The data is transmitted to Blacksburg, Virginia, via Iridium satellites.


Clauers team will continue collecting information from both sets of data stations. They hope to operate throughout the 11-year solar activity cycle, depending on snow accumulation.


The Daily Galaxy via NSF


Image credit: With thanks to https://lemarsh.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/p1070129.jpg



 







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 Post subject: Snowmobile plunge claims life of Antarctica researcher
PostPosted: Wed Oct 26, 2016 3:32 am 
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An expert on how melting glaciers feed sea level rise has died in a crevasse fall a reminder of the hazards of the Antarctic terrain

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 Post subject: "Into the Inferno" --Listen to Film Director Werne
PostPosted: Mon Oct 31, 2016 4:02 pm 
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"Into the Inferno" --Listen to Film Director Werner Herzogs Interview on Volcanoes and Colonizing Mars





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Film directors Werner Herzogs newest movie, Into The Inferno, is as much about the culture and ideas that surround volcanoes as it is about the science. His guide is Clive Oppenheimer, a merry, passionate scientist whom he met while filming in Antarctica, and who guides him around six active volcanoes, including into an active danger zone in Indonesia, where they detain their eyes on the cone at all times.



And there is of course an embarrassment of eye-popping up-close, high definition volcano footage, some of it shot by drone, some of it shot by Herzog and his cinematographer, and some of it shot by Katia and Maurice Krafft, a pair of French volcanologists who obsessively chronicled lava floes and eruptions up close, closer than anyone--too close, it ultimately turned out. Their story--and the sublime footage they risked everything to get--is quintessential Herzog. "What are we, how do we function as human beings, what is awesome for us, what is storytelling for us, what is poetry for us, what are our fears and our glories," says Herzog of the questions that drive his films.

Into The Inferno may be a documentary about volcanoes, but "its not what National Geographic would have done," he adds happily. For Herzog, making documentaries isnt about formulas, but a "defiance of gravity for the sake of something awesome--for gaining sheer poetry. Sheer fever dreams in the jungle."



LISTEN TO THE HERZOG INTERVIEW HERE





On disappearing languages: "Its staggering. Of all the languages that we have right now, maybe five percent will be left by the end of this century. And its not just languages. It means a worldview with the language. Just imagine the last Russian disappearing. There would be no more Tolstoy, no more music by Tchaikovsky, no more poetry by Akhmatova or Tsvetaeva. Its unspeakable."



On the climate: "We have to learn very quickly from mistakes or else well be unnecessary on this planet here anymore. I ponder we were never basic. But its one of those things that happened in evolution, and we are here and we better make the best of it."



On colonizing Mars: "Im against colonizing Mars as a safe haven--we should better look into making our planet more habitable than it is right now.... I would [go] if I had a camera. Otherwise the idea of colonizing Mars in order to have a safe refuge from our planet is a very misconceived idea. I believe its not going to happen. Its one of those technical utopias that in my opinion is, its not going to happen. Other utopias will occur, and those will have to do with the internet."



Into The Inferno is now playing on Netflix, with a small theatrical run in New York and Los Angeles.











The Daily Galaxy, With thanks to Motherboard.com







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 Post subject: StarTalk Radio With Neil deGrasse Tyson --What Will It Take
PostPosted: Tue Feb 14, 2017 1:26 pm 
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StarTalk Radio With Neil deGrasse Tyson --What Will It Take to Survive on Mars? Guest: "The Martian" Author Andy Weir



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What will it take to survive on Mars? To find out, Neil deGrasse Tyson interviews Andy Weir, best-selling novelist and author of The Martian, which was adapted into a feature film starring Matt Damon as astronaut Mark Watney and received 7 Academy Awards nominations.



Andy, a college dropout turned software engineer and card-carrying geek, explains the extensive process of bringing his novel to the screen while remaining more scientifically accurate than most other Hollywood blockbusters a 2% error in launch calculations and an overly-aggressive dust storm notwithstanding.

Neil and co-host Matt Kirshen talk about exploring Mars with Adam Steltzner, who led the Entry, Descent, and Landing team for the Mars Curiosity rover, and Dr. Jim Green, Director of the Planetary Science Category at NASA.



Youll find out about the numerous obstacles humans face for surviving on Mars, including air-pressure-related dangers like exploding eyes, the abundance of carbon dioxide, solar radiation, and the vast remoteness of Mars. Learn about the challenges of sending the Curiosity rover to Mars, including the terrifying process of landing.



Adam also discusses when the next rover will head to Mars with advanced scientific capabilities, and why human exploration has always moved at an incremental pace. Youll also hear how to grow food on Mars, the history of water on Mars, and what Curiosity found underneath the rusty, red Martian surface.



All this, plus Sheyna Gifford gives us a tour of HI-SEAS, the Martian simulation habitat in Hawaii; Chuck Benign roams the streets of New York looking for people willing to take the one-way trip to Mars; and Bill Nye provides some new perspective from high above NYC about how distinctive stories like The Martian are as inspiration to advance us towards the next frontier.



LISTEN HERE









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 Post subject: Neutrinos have been spotted coming from a strange, shrouded
PostPosted: Thu Nov 03, 2022 10:12 pm 
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Neutrinos have been spotted coming from a strange, shrouded galaxy

Cosmic neutrinos are unyielding to track it has only been done once before but researchers from the IceCube observatory in Antarctica have tracked 79 of them back to their home galaxy

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 Post subject: Rare Antarctic meteorite is one of the largest ever found
PostPosted: Tue Jan 24, 2023 10:45 pm 
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Antarctica is the perfect place to go meteorite hunting, as space rocks stand out on the wide fields of ice, and researchers have found a new crop

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